A crise econômica gerada pela pandemia do novo coronavírus (covid-19) prejudicou mais os trabalhadores por contra própria, revela pesquisa divulgada essa semana pelo Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea). Segundo o levantamento, essa categoria teve a maior queda no rendimento em 2020.
O pior momento para os trabalhadores autônomos ocorreu no segundo trimestre de 2020, quando a categoria recebeu 24% a menos do que a renda habitual. No quarto trimestre do ano passado, o indicador recuperou-se levemente, mas continuou abaixo dos níveis anteriores à pandemia, com recuo de 10%.
Os trabalhadores privados e sem carteira receberam 13% a menos do que a renda habitual no segundo trimestre e 4% a menos no último trimestre do ano passado. Os trabalhadores privados com carteira assinada não tiveram perda no segundo e no terceiro trimestres de 2020 e encerraram o último trimestre do ano passado ganhando 5% acima da renda habitual. No serviço público, os trabalhadores receberam 1% a mais que a renda habitual no segundo trimestre, 3% no terceiro trimestre e 5% a mais no último trimestre do ano passado.
Realizada com base em dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (Pnad Contínua), a pesquisa comparou a renda média efetiva com a renda média habitual. Enquanto a renda média efetiva caiu por causa do aumento do desemprego e da contratação com salários mais baixos, a renda média habitual subiu porque a perda de ocupações se concentrou nas áreas mais mal remuneradas.
Segundo o Ipea, a elevação da renda habitual para os trabalhadores privados com carteira assinada e o serviço público deve-se ao fato de que a eliminação de postos de trabalho atingiu principalmente os setores de construção, comércio e alojamento e alimentação, além de empregados sem carteira assinada e principalmente trabalhadores por conta própria. Dessa forma, quem permaneceu empregado foram os trabalhadores de renda relativamente mais alta, que puxam o rendimento médio habitual para cima.
– Renda efetiva
Ao analisar apenas a renda efetiva dos três últimos meses do ano passado, sem levar em conta a comparação com a renda habitual, a pesquisa mostra que a queda também foi maior entre os trabalhadores por conta própria. Essa categoria encerrou 2020 ganhando 6,7% a menos que no mesmo período de 2019.
O recuo chegou a 1,4% entre os trabalhadores privados com carteira e 0,2% no setor público. Apenas os trabalhadores com carteira assinada recebiam, em média, 1,4% a mais no último trimestre de 2020 em relação aos mesmos meses de 2019, refletindo a recuperação do emprego formal no fim do ano passado.
Para Sandro Sacchet, técnico de planejamento e pesquisa do Ipea e autor do estudo, o fato de ter havido queda nos rendimentos efetivos em alguns grupos de trabalhadores no quarto trimestre indica potenciais efeitos do início da segunda onda da pandemia da covid-19. Segundo ele, os impactos poderão ser compreendidos quando forem divulgados os dados no primeiro trimestre de 2021.
– Faixas
Na comparação por faixa de renda, a pesquisa mostra que a pandemia afetou proporcionalmente os mais pobres. Entre o primeiro e o segundo trimestres de 2020, o total de domicílios sem renda do trabalho aumentou de 25% para 31,5%. No quarto trimestre, a proporção chegou a 29%, mostrando uma recuperação lenta do nível de ocupação.
Em relação à quantidade de horas habitualmente trabalhadas, o levantamento mostra que a pandemia não afetou significativamente o indicador. No segundo trimestre, o total de horas trabalhadas caiu para 30,7 horas semanais, recuperando-se para 36,2 horas semanais no terceiro trimestre e encerrando o quarto trimestre em 37,4 horas semanais, com queda de apenas 5% em relação ao último trimestre de 2019.
(Via: Agência Brasil)
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