Apesar de o frio já ter chegado em uma parte do Brasil, o inverno começa no Hemisfério Sul oficialmente nesta quinta-feira (20), às 17h50, no horário de Brasília. A mudança do outono para a estação mais fria do ano é marcada por um fenômeno chamado de solstício, em que o planeta atinge o ponto mais distante em relação ao Sol.
A própria palavra solstício retoma o significado da expressão Sol parado, em latim, exatamente pelo fato de que, ao ser observado a olho nu, o astro parece concluir sua trajetória quando atinge esse ponto. A mudança na posição a cada nascer ou pôr do Sol não é vista nesse dia.
Segundo o astrônomo e diretor do Observatório do Valongo, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Thiago Gonçalves, o solstício ocorre duas vezes ao ano – uma em junho e outra em dezembro – e, por causa da inclinação do eixo da Terra, um hemisfério do globo fica mais exposto à luz solar quando começa o verão, enquanto o outro fica menos, onde passa a ser inverno.
“Após seis meses, a gente pode imaginar que a Terra está do outro lado do Sol e, com essa inclinação, é o outro lado que estará virado para o Sol”, explica.
Em junho, o Hemisfério Sul é quem recebe menos incidência solar e, por isso, neste dia ocorre a noite mais longa do ano.
Equinócio
Segundo o astrônomo, conforme o planeta e o Sol vão se aproximando novamente, a duração das noites vai diminuindo até que as trajetórias atinjam o ponto mais próximo da Terra, quando dia e noite têm exatamente a mesma duração e os dois hemisférios são igualmente iluminados.
Gonçalves explica, ainda, que esse fenômeno é chamado equinócio e também ocorre duas vezes ao ano – uma em setembro e outra em março – quando começam o outono e a primavera.
A duração do ciclo completo até o próximo solstício de inverno acontece em 365 dias, 48 minutos e 46 segundos. Por causa dos minutos e segundos a mais, o calendário precisa ser ajustado a cada quatro anos, quando o ano bissexto soma 366 dias. (COM AGÊNCIA BRASIL)
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