MARÇO LILÁS: MÊS DE CONSCIENTIZAÇÃO SOBRE O CÂNCER DE COLO DE ÚTERO

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A campanha Março Lilás nasce com o objetivo de conscientizar a população sobre a atenção e combate ao câncer de colo uterino. Estar consciente é o primeiro passo para a manutenção da sua saúde

O câncer do colo do útero, também chamado de câncer cervical, é causado pela infecção persistente por alguns tipos do Papilomavírus Humano – HPV (chamados de tipos oncogênicos).

A infecção genital por esse vírus é muito frequente e não causa doença na maioria das vezes. Entretanto, em alguns casos, ocorrem alterações celulares que podem evoluir para o câncer. Essas alterações são descobertas facilmente no exame preventivo (conhecido também como Papanicolaou ou Papanicolau), e são curáveis na quase totalidade dos casos. Por isso, é importante a realização periódica desse exame.

Excetuando-se o câncer de pele não melanoma, é o terceiro tumor maligno mais frequente na população feminina (atrás do câncer de mama e do colorretal), e a quarta causa de morte de mulheres por câncer no Brasil.

O que aumenta o risco?

– Início precoce da atividade sexual e múltiplos parceiros.

– Tabagismo (a doença está diretamente relacionada à quantidade de cigarros fumados).

– Uso prolongado de pílulas anticoncepcionais.

Como prevenir?

A prevenção primária do câncer do colo do útero está relacionada à diminuição do risco de contágio pelo Papilomavírus Humano (HPV). A transmissão da infecção ocorre por via sexual, presumidamente por meio de abrasões microscópicas na mucosa ou na pele da região anogenital. Consequentemente, o uso de preservativos (camisinha masculina ou feminina) durante a relação sexual com penetração protege parcialmente do contágio pelo HPV, que também pode ocorrer pelo contato com a pele da vulva, região perineal, perianal e bolsa escrotal.

Vacinação contra o HPV

O Ministério da Saúde implementou no calendário vacinal, em 2014, a vacina tetravalente contra o HPV para meninas de 9 a 13 anos. A partir de 2017, o Ministério estendeu a vacina para meninas de 9 a 14 anos e meninos de 11 a 14 anos. Essa vacina protege contra os tipos 6, 11, 16 e 18 do HPV. Os dois primeiros causam verrugas genitais e os dois últimos são responsáveis por cerca de 70% dos casos de câncer do colo do útero.

A vacinação e a realização do exame preventivo (Papanicolau) se complementam como ações de prevenção desse tipo de câncer. Mesmo as mulheres vacinadas, quando alcançarem a idade preconizada (a partir dos 25 anos), deverão fazer o exame preventivo periodicamente, pois a vacina não protege contra todos os tipos oncogênicos do HPV.

Sinais e Sintomas

O câncer do colo do útero é uma doença de desenvolvimento lento, que pode não apresentar sintomas em fase inicial. Nos casos mais avançados, pode evoluir para sangramento vaginal intermitente (que vai e volta) ou após a relação sexual, secreção vaginal anormal e dor abdominal associada a queixas urinárias ou intestinais.

Detecção precoce

A detecção precoce do câncer é uma estratégia para encontrar um tumor numa fase inicial e, assim, possibilitar maior chance de tratamento.

A detecção pode ser feita por meio da investigação com exames clínicos, laboratoriais ou radiológicos, de pessoas com sinais e sintomas sugestivos da doença (diagnóstico precoce), ou com o uso de exames periódicos em pessoas sem sinais ou sintomas (rastreamento) mas pertencentes a grupos com maior chance de ter a doença.

Existe uma fase pré-clínica (sem sintomas) do câncer do colo do útero, em que a detecção de lesões precursoras (que antecedem o aparecimento da doença) pode ser feita através do exame preventivo (Papanicolaou). Quando diagnosticado na fase inicial, as chances de cura do câncer cervical são de 100%. A doença é silenciosa em seu início e sinais e sintomas como sangramento vaginal, corrimento e dor aparecem em fases mais avançadas da doença

Exame preventivo

O exame preventivo do câncer do colo do útero (Papanicolau) é a principal estratégia para detectar lesões precursoras e fazer o diagnóstico precoce da doença. O exame pode ser feito em postos ou unidades de saúde da rede pública que tenham profissionais capacitados. Sua realização periódica permite reduzir a ocorrência e a mortalidade pela doença.

O exame preventivo é indolor, simples e rápido. Pode, no máximo, causar um pequeno desconforto. Para garantir um resultado correto, a mulher não deve ter relações sexuais (mesmo com camisinha) no dia anterior ao exame; evitar também o uso de duchas, medicamentos vaginais e anticoncepcionais locais nas 48 horas anteriores à realização do exame. É importante também que não esteja menstruada, porque a presença de sangue pode alterar o resultado. Mulheres grávidas também podem se submeter ao exame, sem prejuízo para sua saúde ou a do bebê.

Quem deve fazer e quando fazer o exame preventivo?

Toda mulher que tem ou já teve vida sexual e que estão entre 25 e 64 anos de idade. Devido à longa evolução da doença, o exame pode ser realizado a cada três anos. Para maior segurança do diagnóstico, os dois primeiros exames devem ser anuais. Se os resultados estiverem normais, sua repetição só será necessária após três anos.

O que fazer após o exame?

A mulher deve retornar ao local onde foi realizado o exame (ambulatório, posto ou centro de saúde) na data marcada para saber o resultado e receber instruções. Tão importante quanto realizar o exame é buscar o resultado e apresentá-lo ao médico.

Resultado

Se o seu exame acusou:

Negativo para câncer: Se esse for o seu primeiro resultado negativo, você deverá fazer novo exame preventivo daqui a um ano. Se você já tem um resultado negativo no ano anterior, deverá fazer o próximo exame preventivo daqui a três anos;

Infecção pelo HPV ou lesão de baixo grau: Você deverá repetir o exame daqui a seis meses;

Lesão de alto grau: O médico decidirá a melhor conduta. Você vai precisar fazer outros exames, como a colposcopia;

Amostra insatisfatória: A quantidade coletada de material não foi suficiente para fazer o exame. Você deve repetir o exame logo que for possível.

Em todos as situações, é importante seguir as recomendações médicas.

Diagnóstico

Os seguintes testes podem ser utilizados:

Exame pélvico e história clínica: exame da vagina, colo do útero, útero, ovário e reto através de avaliação com espéculo, Papanicolau, toque vaginal e toque retal.

Exame Preventivo (Papanicolau)

Colposcopia – exame que permite visualizar a vagina e o colo de útero com um aparelho chamado colposcópio, capaz de detectar lesões anormais nessas regiões

Biópsia – se células anormais são detectadas no exame preventivo (Papanicolau), é necessário realizar uma biópsia, com a retirada de pequena amostra de tecido para análise no microscópio.

Tratamento

O tratamento para cada caso deve ser avaliado e orientado por um médico. Entre os tratamentos para o câncer do colo do útero estão a cirurgia, a quimioterapia e a radioterapia. O tipo de tratamento dependerá do estadiamento (estágio de evolução) da doença, tamanho do tumor e fatores pessoais, como idade da paciente e desejo de ter filhos.

Se confirmada a presença de lesão precursora, ela poderá ser tratada a nível ambulatorial, por meio de uma eletrocirurgia.

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